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The Systematics of Phylogenetic Inference: Applications in Evolutionary Biology
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An 8 page discussion of the importance of phylogenetic inference to our understanding of evolution. Suggests that it is through phylogenetic inference that we are able to see the hierarchical pattern of commonality which is exhibited by all forms of life. This hierarchy is not only visible through gross external anatomical features but also through more subtle features of an organism’s internal anatomy. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPphylo2.wps

The Technological Purpose and Function of Footwear
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A 3 page discussion of footwear. Notes the evolution of footwear since ancient times and the varying uses to which is put today. Emphasizes that material combines with design to determine function. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPfootwr.rtf

Throwing a piece of paper
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A 6 page creative essay that describes in great anatomical and physiological detail what happens when a teacher asks a student in the back of the room to crumple up a piece of paper and throw it to him. No sources cited.
Filename: khpaper.wps

Toxicology of the Kidney
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An 8 page overview of kidney function and how certain toxins can evade elimination from the body. The specific examples of lead and thalidomide are detailed. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPkidney.rtf

Troponin in Deep Space
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A 7 page paper discussing the involvement of troponin in the effects observed in muscle mass during and following the zero gravity situations of space flight. NASA's research reports reveal that there has been a good deal of muscle-related research involved in various aspects of the space program. There have been some qualities of muscle response noted in sufficient levels to qualify them as commonplace, such as the partial atrophy of specific muscle groups. Similar action is common in older earthbound adults, and the focus of much muscle research as it relates to space flight has been that of better understanding, avoiding or rectifying conditions that lead to loss of muscle mass with increasing age. The paper investigates the details of some of those research efforts. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: KStropSpace.wps

Troponin's Role in Skeletal Muscle Contraction
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An 8 page paper discussing the structure and function of this regulatory substance. Troponin C directly interacts with the calcium ions that initiate skeletal muscle contraction; troponin I is the next target of troponin C. Troponin T is an inhibitor. Without troponin T inhibiting continued contraction, then the muscle that had been contracted would not be able to cease contracting. The paper also discusses current research. Bibliography lists 13 sources.
Filename: KStroponin.wps

Variables Influencing an Organism’s Survival and Success
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This 7 page paper provides an overview of the variables that influence an organism's survival and success. This paper relates the fact that the success of any organism, whether it is in terms of basic survival or the capacity for reproduction of the species, reflects the organisms capacity for tolerance to an existing set of environmental variables. The response of an organism to changes in environmental factors occurs on a number of different levels, including behavioral, physiological and interactive changes. Bibliography lists 9 sources
Filename: MHAdapOr.rtf

Variations of Olfactory Abilities Across the Menstrual Cycle
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7 pages. This paper is a well-developed summary of the research being done on human olfaction. It is felt that females have superior olfactory abilities over males. These abilities, however, vary across the menstrual cycle. Based on research conducted by several universities, this paper will attempt to answer the question as to how these olfactory perceptions occur and if they are indeed linked to the menstrual cycle in the female. Bibliography lists four sources.
Filename: JGAolfct.rtf

Which Mouthwash is Best for Killing Oral Bacteria
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This 6 page paper outlines a study of mouthwashes in APA format. The use of different mouthwashes can have different effects on oral hygiene, based on their ability to reduce the number of bacteria in the mouth. Because many of these mouthwashes claim to reduce the total number of bacteria in the mouth, this study is designed to consider whether these claims are true. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MHSciFMW.rtf

William Harvey: Discovery Of Circulation
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8 pages in length. Fifteenth century English physiologist William Harvey, whose discovery of blood circulation was central to a proper understanding of the workings of the body, successfully manipulated both the mechanical and quantitative approaches to physiological inquiry in order to prove his theory. This monumental breakthrough set the stage for further physiological exploration and the ultimate determinant that proved Galen's previous theory of rejuvenation to be wrong, but not before much social consternation took place. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: TLCHarvy.rtf

William Harvey: How Blood Flows
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A 3 page paper which examines the observation of William Harvey in relationship to how blood flows. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: RAwhv.rtf