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The Effects of the 1997-98 El Nino on Coral Reefs: Bleaching, Sea Surface Temperatures and Other Factors
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This is a 9 page paper discussing the effects of El Nino on the world’s coral reefs in addition to other factors. Excessive and sudden high sea water temperatures, El Nino, have a devastating effect on the coral reefs in over 100 countries around the world. High sea surface temperatures cause a disruption of enzymes in the coral’s zooxanthellae which then create toxic byproducts which kill the living coral resulting in a whitening or bleaching effect. Coral bleaching has been used in the last decade to study the changes in marine ecosystems using methods which include a combination of marine and satellite imagery efforts. The El Nino of 1997-98 was particularly destructive to the coral reefs as over 16 percent were instantly bleached in that year. In addition to the effects of sea temperatures rising, El Nino and human environmental factors, over 27 percent of the world’s coral reefs have been severely damaged. While it has been found that 30 percent may be recovering from the 1997-98 El Nino disaster, some reefs found in the Caribbean have shown no signs of recovery since 1998. Bibliography lists 14 sources.
Filename: TJelnin1.rtf

The End of the Universe: Trefil's Theories on and Ending Involving Fire Verses Ice
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A 4 page discussion of the question of whether our universe will end in fire or ice. The author reviews the predictions of James S. Trefil to conclude that there is no definitive answer as to whether the universe will ultimately end in fire or ice, only speculation and opinion. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPuniver.rtf

The Endangered Species: Ivory from Elephants
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5 pages. The African elephant is threatened with extinction and the trade in their ivory was forbidden in 1989 by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). There is still, however, a serious poaching problem because ivory remains to be a highly sought after product. The implications of this illegal trade and the demand for it is discussed along with the organizations and groups that are involved. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAivory.rtf

The Future of Geography
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This 5 page paper examines two different articles on geography as a discipline. Are external factors more influential than in the past? Why is this the case? How the discipline is viewed and why things should change are issues examined in the scope of this thoughtful piece. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: SA519geo.rtf

The Garnet / A Geological Overview
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A 5 page review of the gem stone garnet. Includes information on its geology, associated species of minerals, and its processing. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Garnet.wps

The Gas Between the Stars
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This 7 page paper provides an overview of an article by Reynolds published in the Scientific American. This review is followed by a collection of informatin about specific terms used in the article. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MHNewtonStuff.rtf

The Geological Rock Cycle
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A 5 page discussion of the geological rock cycle. Clarifies that that cycle is composed of three major processes, the igneous, the metamorphic, and the sedimentary processes and delineates the various components of each. Includes a diagram retrieved from the Internet which illustrates the processes involved in this cycle. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PProckCy.wps

The Geology of Biscayne National Park (Florida)
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A 4 page description of limestone and reef formation in Biscayne National Park. The author describes processes and the complex ecology that has resulted. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPgeoBis.rtf

The Geology of Hydrothermal Vents
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A 9 page discussion of the unique geology of hydrothermal vents. The subterranean processes which result in these vents also results in the expulsion of numerous minerals to the surface of the ocean floor. These mineral deposits form distinctive features which are potentially valuable not only from an aesthetic and ecological standpoint but mining standpoint. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: PPocnVn2.rtf

The Geology of the Grand Canyon
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A 6 page paper discussing the stratification and geological history of this haven for geologists. The allure for geologists is that the canyon itself is geologically very young, but that the formations through which it is cut are very old. This gives insight to the geological record that otherwise would not be possible. The paper discusses the stratification and geological history of the canyon. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: KSGrCanyon.wps

The Geology of the Manitou Springs Formation
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16 pages. The purpose of this paper is to explain the geological history and significance of the Manitou Springs formation in Colorado. Also included will be the area referred to as the Garden of the Gods in Colorado Springs, Colorado. These geological sites are made up of a myriad of interesting formations forming over millions of years. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: JAmnitou.rtf

The Great Dying
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5 pages in length. The Great Dying is historically known as a period of time two hundred and fifty-one million years ago where the earth suffered significant and overwhelming devastation. The most intriguing aspect about this mass extinction of plant and animal life is that scientists still have no concrete evidence why such a phenomenon occurred. That the planet lost more than ninety percent of all marine plant and animal life, as well as nearly seventy percent of all land species, makes one ponder the underlying spiritual reasons for such havoc. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: TLCgrtdy.wps

The Greenhouse Effect; Causes and Solutions
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This 6 page paper looks at the problem of global warming defining and describing some of the possible causes, such as carbon dioxide, water vapour and the natural temperature cycles. The paper also considers some of the proposed solutions to these problems. The bibliography cites 9 sources.
Filename: TEglowar.wps

The Holographic Principle
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A 5 page review of the holographic principle. Moving from an explanation using a shadow on the wall as an explanation of this theory, the author progresses to a more technical explanation involving cosmological theory. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPhologr.rtf